The Autobiography of Fukuzawa Yukichi, Volume 2

Fukuzawa Yukichi returns from Europe to a Japan arguing over whether to open its ports or expel foreigners. Compensation demands, threats of war, and hurried preparations to flee Edo reveal the fragile world in which a scholar tries to work.

The narrative turns from diplomacy and education to swords, intimidation, filial petitions, and money. Humor and blunt self-examination give these memories their distinctive spoken character.

First published in 1898–1899, this middle volume of the autobiography follows the complete supplied source division. Historical notes clarify unfamiliar institutions and distinguish remembered claims from established chronology. AI-assisted translation.